Operating Assets, Liabilities, and Contingent Liabilities

Significant discretionary decisions and sources of estimation uncertainty

Leasing

Identification of a lease

Discretionary decisions can arise during the identification of leases in answering the question of whether a lessor’s right of substitution is substantive. The Group classifies rights of substitution as not substantive if the facts and circumstances of the case do not support a different assessment.

Measurement of lease and non-lease components

In the case of leases for land, land rights and buildings, separating the lease into lease and non-lease components is subject to discretion and estimation uncertainty if observable prices are not available from the contract partner or other potential lessors.

Determining the lease term

When determining the lease term, existing renewal and termination options must be evaluated to determine the probability that such options will be exercised. The assessment of the probability of exercise may be discretionary even though it relies on existing and material information on the general economic context, such as location strategies, leasehold improvements or the degree of specificity. If the available information does not allow a reliable assessment, the Group uses historical experience for comparable situations.

The largest ten leases accounted for around 50% of total lease liabilities in fiscal 2025, as in 2024. They mainly relate to right-of-use assets for office, warehouse and laboratory buildings. If options to renew these leases were exercised in the future, which is not yet considered likely, this would result in additional potential undiscounted cash outflows of up to € 165 million (2024: € 183 million).

Where individual contracts include termination options, it was considered unlikely that these would be exercised, meaning that additional lease payments were already included in the corresponding lease liability.

Determining the incremental borrowing rate

Determining the risk-free interest rate and determining the risk surcharge are both discretionary.

Initial measurement of the lease liability and the right-of-use asset

In measuring the lease liability, there is discretionary scope and significant estimation uncertainty regarding assessing the probability that existing purchase, termination and renewal options will be exercised.

In measuring right-of-use assets under leases, the Group is subject to estimation uncertainty regarding any restoration obligations and their resulting payments.